Penetratin 1

Penetratin™ 1 peptide is a patented 16-amino acid peptide corresponding to the third helix of the homeodomain of Antennapedia protein. It is able to translocate across biological membranes by an energy-independent mechanism and is a member of a class of peptides known as Cell Penetrating Peptides.

Penetratin™ 1 has been used successfully to internalize covalently attached peptides and oligonucleotides and to convey them to the cytoplasm and nucleus of many cell types. Activated Penetratin™ 1 peptide couples to oligos and peptides that carry a thiol (-SH) function.

References (review and mechanism approach)


1. Troy, CM. et al., 2004, J. Neurosci. 24, 10040-10046
2. Damante, G. et al., 1996, EMBO J. 15, 4992-5000
3. Derosssi, D. et al., 1996, J. Biol. Chem. 271, 18188-18193
4. Dorn, A. et al., 1994, Pharmac. Ther. 61, 155-183
5. Prochiantz A., 1996, Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6, 629-634
6. Derossi, D. et al., 1998, Trends Cell Biol. 8, 84-87

Further references


1. Perez, F. et al., 1994, Mol. endocrinol. 8, 1278-1287
2. Allinquant, B. et al., 1995, J. Cell. Biol. 128, 919-927
3. Derosssi, D. et al., 1995, J. Neurosci. 15, 7158-7167
4. Le Roux, I. et al., 1995, FEBS Letters 368, 311-314
5. Fahraeus et al., 1996, Curr. Biol. 6, 84-91
6. Hall, H. et al., 1996, Curr.Biol 6, 580-587
7. Schutze-Redelmeier, M. P. et al., 1996, J.of immunology 157, 650-655
8. Troy, C. et al., 1996, Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 93, 5635-5640
9. Troy, C. et al., 1996, J. Neurosci. 16, 253-261
10. Bonfanti, M. et al., 1997, Cancer Res. 57, 1442-1446
11. Williams, E.J. et al., 1997, J. Biol. Chem. 272, 22349-22354
12. Boissy, P. et al., 1998, J. Cell Sci. 111, 2563-2574
13. Joliot et al., 1998, Curr. Biol. 8, 856-863
14. Peck, D. and Isacke, C.M., 1998, J. Cell Sci. 111, 1595-1601
15. Bardelli, A.1999, J. Biol. Chem. 274, 29274-29288
16. Fahraeus, R. and Lane, D.P.1999, EMBO J. 18, 2106-2118
17. Wang, J. et al., 1999, Mol. cell Biol. 19, 6217-6228